ABSTRACT
PREGUNTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN¿Cuál será la frecuencia de anemia en escolares de 13 a 18 años de edad y su relación con el rendimiento escolar en la ciudad de La Paz durante la gestión 2006?OBJETIVO: Conocer la frecuencia de anemia en escolares de 13 a 18 años de edad de escuelas privadas y su relación con el rendimiento escolar.DISEÑO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN Diseño de Corte Transversal. LUGAR Unidad de Epidemiología Clínica (laboratorio de hematología) del Instituto de Investigación en Salud y Desarrollo (IINSAD) y colegios particulares de la ciudad de La Paz.POBLACION 200 niños escolares adolescentes de 13 a 18 años de edad, de distinto sexo, de colegios particulares de la ciudad de La Paz. METODOS: Previo al procedimiento, se obtuvo el consentimiento de los padres o tutores para participar en el estudio. Para cada uno de los pacientes se llenó un cuestionario con datos personales, edad, sexo y el promedio general de notas, se realizó un examen físico general y se tomó una muestra de sangre capilar en tubos capilares con anticoagulante en cada uno de los pacientes. Se realizó pruebas hematológicas específi cas de la serie roja, obteniendo valores de hematocrito, hemoglobina, grupo sanguíneo y factor Rh. RESULTADOS: El promedio de edad es 15.43 años, 51.5% mujeres (n: 103) y 48.5% varones (n: 97). El valor de hematocrito en varones presenta un promedio de 50.8% SD 3.48 IC 95% (50.2-51.6), en mujeres Hto 47% SD 2.79 IC 95% (46.5-47.6). La mediana (percentil 50) del hematocrito fue mayor en varones que en mujeres. La hemoglobina, presentó un promedio en varones de 16.06 g/dl SD. 1.09, IC 95%.(15.7-16.1) , en mujeres un promedio de 14.71 SD 1.07, IC 95% (14.6-15.1)...
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the frequency of anemia in school children from 13 to 18 years of age and its relationship with academic achievement in school in La Paz during the year 2006? OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency of anemia in school children from 13 to 18 years of age and its relationship with academic achievement in school. DESIGN Descriptive, cross sectional study. PLACE Unit of Clinical Epidemiology (hematology laboratory) of the Institute of Investigation in Health and Development (IINSAD) and private schools of La Paz. PARTICIPANTS 200 adolescent school children 13 to 18 years old, of both sexes, of private schools in La Paz. METHODS Previous to the procedure, the consent of the parents or tutors was obtained for participation in the study. For each one of the children a questionnaire was fi lled out with personal information, like age, sex and the general grade point average, a general physical exam was performed and a sample of capillary blood was taken in capillary ...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adolescent Health , Anemia/diagnosis , Anemia/blood , Health Services Research , School Health Services , Adolescent Behavior/physiology , Adolescent Development/physiologyABSTRACT
A cross section of a human population (501 individuals) selected at random, and living in a Bolivian community, highly endemic for Chagas disease, was investigated combining together clinical, parasitological and molecular approaches. Conventional serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated an active transmission of the infection, a high seroprevalence (43.3 percent) ranging from around 12 percent in < 5 years to 94.7 percent in > 45 years, and a high sensitivity (83.8 percent) and specificity of PCR. Abnormal ECG tracing was predominant in chagasic patients and was already present among individuals younger than 13 years. SAPA (shed acute phase antigen) recombinant protein and the synthetic peptide R-13 were used as antigens in ELISA tests. The reactivity of SAPA was strongly associated to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and independent of the age of the patients but was not suitable neither for universal serodiagnosis nor for discrimination of specific phases of Chagas infection. Anti-R-13 response was observed in 27.5 percent only in chagasic patients. Moreover, anti-R13 reactivity was associated with early infection and not to cardiac pathology. This result questioned previous studies, which considered the anti-R-13 response as a marker of chronic Chagas heart disease. The major clonets 20 and 39 (belonging to Trypanosoma cruzi I and T. cruzi II respectively) which circulate in equal proportions in vectors of the studied area, were identified in patients' blood by PCR. Clonet 39 was selected over clonet 20 in the circulation whatever the age of the patient. The only factor related to strain detected in patients' blood, was the anti-R-13 reactivity: 37 percent of the patients infected by clonet 39 (94 cases) had anti-R13 antibodies contrasting with only 6 percent of the patients without clonet 39 (16 cases)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Chagas Disease , Trypanosoma cruzi , Acute Disease , Antibodies, Protozoan , Bolivia , Chagas Disease , Chronic Disease , Cloning, Molecular , Cross-Sectional Studies , Endemic Diseases , Insect Vectors , Prevalence , Sensitivity and Specificity , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Serologic Tests , Trypanosoma cruziABSTRACT
Previous studies showed that two groups of Trypanosoma cruzi clonal genotypes named clonet 20 and clonet 39 were predominant in Triatoma infestans, the unique vector of Chagas disease in Bolivia. These groups of clones correspond to distinct genetic clusters. These clonets were detected in T. infestans and Rhodnius pictipes fecal samples before isolation and after culture by kDNA PCR (polymerase chain rreaction) and hybridization of the amplified products with clonet specific kDNA probes named 20 and 39 as previously reported. Forty eight T. infestans and three R. pictipes infected insects captured at random in different Bolivian departments were proceeded. As previously reported the direct identification of the two major clonets in fecal samples allowed the detection of abundant mixed infections: 41 percent in the original sample, however after culture, only 6 percent of mixed infections were detected. Among the 21 parasite stocks isolated from digestive tracts where mixed infections were initially detected (clonet 20 + 39) clonet 20 alone was detected in 81 percent of them. This result clearly showed that the culture step selected clonet 20 parasites over those belonging to clonet 39. The taxonomic status of the isolated stocks was also confirmed by isoenzyme typing, and correlation was observed between clustering topology and hybridization patterns with the probes 20 and 39.